Computer hardware

Computer hardware is a general term for a variety of physical devices in a Computer system consisting of electronics, machinery, and optoelectronic components. These physical devices constitute an organic whole according to the requirement of system structure and provide material basis for the operation of computer software. In short, the function of computer hardware is to enter and store programs and data, as well as executors to process data into usable form. Data output is performed in a manner required by the user, as required by the user.

计算机硬件（Computer hardware）是指计算机系统中由电子，机械和光电元件等组成的各种物理装置的总称。这些物理装置按系统结构的要求构成一个有机整体为计算机软件运行提供物质基础。简言之，计算机硬件的功能是输入并存储程序和数据，以及执行程序把数据加工成可以利用的形式。在用户需要的情况下，以用户要求的方式进行数据的输出。

计算机由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备等五个逻辑部件组成

1、运算器

The arithmetic unit consists of arithmetic logic unit (ALU), accumulator, state register and general register group. The basic work of arithmetic logic operation unit (ALU) can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by four operations, logic operations such as with, or without, different or different, and operations such as shift and complement. When a computer is running, the operation and type of the arithmetic unit are determined by the controller. The data that the actuator processes comes from memory. The processed result data is usually sent back to memory or temporarily stored in the calculator. Together with Control Unit, it forms the core of the CPU.

运算器由算术逻辑单元（ALU）、累加器、状态寄存器、通用寄存器组等组成。算术逻辑运算单元（ALU）的基本功能为加、减、乘、除四则运算，与、或、非、异或等逻辑操作，以及移位、求补等操作。计算机运行时，运算器的操作和操作种类由控制器决定。运算器处理的数据来自存储器；处理后的结果数据通常送回存储器，或暂时寄存在运算器中。与Control Unit共同组成了CPU的核心部分。

2、控制器

Controller (Control Unit), is the Control center of the whole computer system, it is computer work coordinated command, ensure that the computer in accordance with the prescribed goals and steps of orderly operation and processing. Controller to take out a detailed instructions from memory, analyzing what is specified by each instruction operation and location of the required data, then according to the results of the analysis to the computer control signal from the other part, the unified command complete instructions of the entire computer. Process of automatic computer work, in fact is the process of automatically execute a program, and program of each instruction is performed by the controller to the analysis, it is the main equipment of computer to realize "process control".

The combination of a controller and an operator is often called a Central Processing Unit (CPU). In industrial production, the most advanced vlsi technology is always used to make the CPU chip. It is the core of a computer. Its performance, mainly working speed and calculation precision, has a comprehensive impact on the overall performance of the machine.

控制器（Control Unit），是整个计算机系统的控制中心，它指挥计算机各部分协调地工作，保证计算机按照预先规定的目标和步骤有条不紊地进行操作及处理。控制器从存储器中逐条取出指令，分析每条指令规定的是什么操作以及所需数据的存放位置等，然后根据分析的结果向计算机其它部件发出控制信号，统一指挥整个计算机完成指令所规定的操作。计算机自动工作的过程，实际上是自动执行程序的过程，而程序中的每条指令都是由控制器来分析执行的，它是计算机实现“程序控制”的主要设备。 
　　通常把控制器与运算器合称为中央处理器（Central Processing Unit，CPU）。工业生产中总是采用最先进的超大规模集成电路技术来制造中央处理器，即CPU芯片。它是计算机的核心设备。它的性能，主要是工作速度和计算精度，对机器的整体性能有全面的影响。

3、存储器

Memory is a Memory device in a computer system that holds programs and data. All information in the computer, including input raw data, computer programs, intermediate running results and final running results, are stored in memory. It stores and retrieves information based on the location specified by the controller. With memory, the computer has memory function and can work normally. Memory by use can be divided into main storage (memory) and auxiliary storage (external storage), and there are also classified into external storage and internal storage. External storage is usually magnetic media or optical disks, etc., which can store information for a long time. Memory refers to the storage unit on the main board, which is used to hold the currently executing data and programs, but only for temporary storage of programs and data, power off or power off, data will be lost.

存储器（Memory）是计算机系统中的记忆设备，用来存放程序和数据。计算机中全部信息，包括输入的原始数据、计算机程序、中间运行结果和最终运行结果都保存在存储器中。它根据控制器指定的位置存入和取出信息。有了存储器，计算机才有记忆功能，才能保证正常工作。按用途存储器可分为主存储器（内存）和辅助存储器（外存）,也有分为外部存储器和内部存储器的分类方法。外存通常是磁性介质或光盘等，能长期保存信息。内存指主板上的存储部件，用来存放当前正在执行的数据和程序，但仅用于暂时存放程序和数据，关闭电源或断电，数据会丢失。

4、输入设备

A device for entering data and information into a computer. A bridge between a computer and a user or other device. Input device is one of the main devices for information exchange between user and computer system. Keyboard, mouse, camera, scanner, light pen, hand-written input board, game bar, voice input devices are all input devices. An InputDevice is a device by which a person or an external user interacts with a computer to enter raw data and programs that process those Numbers into the computer. Computer can receive all kinds of data, can be either a numeric data, also can be all kinds of numeric data, such as graphics, images, sound can be input to the computer through different types of input devices, storage, processing and output.

向计算机输入数据和信息的设备。是计算机与用户或其他设备通信的桥梁。输入设备是用户和计算机系统之间进行信息交换的主要装置之一。键盘，鼠标，摄像头，扫描仪，光笔，手写输入板，游戏杆，语音输入装置等都属于输入设备。输入设备（InputDevice）是人或外部与计算机进行交互的一种装置，用于把原始数据和处理这些数的程序输入到计算机中。计算机能够接收各种各样的数据，既可以是数值型的数据，也可以是各种非数值型的数据，如图形、图像、声音等都可以通过不同类型的输入设备输入到计算机中，进行存储、处理和输出。

5、输出设备

The Output Device is the terminal Device of a computer, which is used to receive the Output display, printing, sound and control peripheral Device operation of computer data. It is also used to represent the data or information of various calculation results in the form of Numbers, characters, images, sounds and so on.

输出设备（Output Device）是计算机的终端设备，用于接收计算机数据的输出显示、打印、声音、控制外围设备操作等。也是把各种计算结果数据或信息以数字、字符、图像、声音等形式表示出来。

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